Target 22
Ensure Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice and Information Related to Biodiversity for all
Ensure the full, equitable, inclusive, effective and gender-responsive representation and participation in decision-making, and access to justice and information related to biodiversity by indigenous peoples and local communities, respecting their cultures and their rights over lands, territories, resources, and traditional knowledge, as well as by women and girls, children and youth, and persons with disabilities and ensure the full protection of environmental human rights defenders.
Ensure the full, equitable, inclusive, effective and gender-responsive representation and participation in decision-making, and access to justice and information related to biodiversity by indigenous peoples and local communities, respecting their cultures and their rights over lands, territories, resources, and traditional knowledge, as well as by women and girls, children and youth, and persons with disabilities and ensure the full protection of environmental human rights defenders.
Rationale
GSAP
Equitable inclusion of Indigenous & Local Knowledge (ILK) and participation by IPLC, women and youth in decisions that affect species conservation, and respect for their rights, increases their participation and commitment and enhances successful species outcomes.
Actions
Primary tools and resources
CBD voluntary guidelines on Traditional Knowledge and ILPCs
The UN Convention on Biodiversity has developed sets of detailed guidance on ILK. These include the Tkarihwaié:ri Code of Ethical Conduct to Ensure Respect for the Cultural and Intellectual Heritage of Indigenous and Local Communities Relevant to the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity; the Mo’otz Kuxtal Voluntary Guidelines for the development of mechanisms, legislation or other appropriate initiatives to ensure the “prior and informed consent”; and The Rutzolijirisaxik Voluntary Guidelines for the Repatriation of Traditional Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities Relevant for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity
IPBES ILK Approach
The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) has developed the IPBES ILK Approach to guide work on indigenous and local knowledge. The IPBES Global Assessment (GA) was the first global scale assessment to engage systematically with ILK and showed that existing knowledge is fragmented and lacks integration between social and natural sciences and that integrating different world views in requires increased dialogue and agreement. IPBES has established an ILK Task Force and Technical Support Unit.
Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing
The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity. is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity. It is a transparent legal framework for the effective implementation of the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, thereby contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. The Nagoya Protocol sets out core obligations for its contracting Parties to take measures in relation to access to genetic resources, benefit-sharing and compliance. The Nagoya Protocol addresses traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources with provisions on access, benefit-sharing, and compliance. It also addresses genetic resources where indigenous and local communities have the established right to grant access to them. Contracting Parties should take measures to ensure these communities’ free, prior, informed consent, keeping in mind community laws and procedures as well as customary use and exchange. The Nagoya Protocol entered into force on 12 October 2014.
How to use
The Nagoya Protocol is available in English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Russian at: https://www.cbd.int/abs
Nagoya Protocol Factsheets on access and benefit sharing can be downloaded at: https://www.cbd.int/abs/factsheet
IUCN Standard on Indigenous Peoples
The Standard represents IUCN’s policy objectives with respect to indigenous peoples. It contains eight policy objectives for projects undertaken or supported by IUCN to support indigenous peoples and promote their role in conservation and management of sustainable resources.
The purpose of this Standard is to ensure that IUCN projects anticipate and avoid negative impacts on indigenous peoples or to minimise and/or compensate for impacts; take all rights and needs of indigenous peoples fully into account in project planning and implementation; and ensure that their customs, cultural and spiritual values, and perspectives on the environment are included.
IUCN guidelines for gathering of fishers’ knowledge for policy development and applied use
Small-scale fisheries provide food security, livelihoods and income to millions of people but their management still presents a challenge to managers and other stakeholders due to problems in gathering suitable information and its incorporation in fisheries policy. Fishers are a key source of knowledge for assessment of both extractive capacity and value in small-scale fisheries, in addition to providing a broad array of cultural knowledge. The increasing recognition of the value of incorporating traditional fishing knowledge in freshwater, riverine, lacustrine and coastal and marine fisheries management is now evident in international conventions and published literature. The purpose of these guidelines is to make it easier for users to recognise and include fishers’ knowledge as an important data stream in resource management. The report includes details on the breadth of knowledge that can be gathered, how it can be gathered, and how this information can be applied to support sustainable fisheries policy and broader applications in society. It contains case studies from Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and the Pacific.
Other tools and resources
Mise en place d’une plateforme de concertation au niveau communal pour faciliter la planification et la mise en œuvre des mesures RPF dans la préfecture de Tchamba- région centrale (Togo)
Dans le cadre d’une gestion inclusive de l’environnement, le Togo a établi des Commissions Communales de Développement Durable (CCDD) : des plateformes de consultation décentralisées pour améliorer la participation des communautés aux débats environnementaux. Ces commissions traitent aussi des questions liées à la RPF. F4F-Togo a soutenu la création des CCDD dans trois communes de la préfecture de Tchamba afin d’améliorer la capacité opérationnelle à réaliser des mesures RPF. Une CCDD est une plateforme multisectorielle composée du maire, des chefs de canton, des présidents des comités de village, des responsables des services déconcentrés, des groupements de femmes et d’ONG. Elle agit comme un comité de gestion de l’environnement en général et de la RPF en particulier. Ses membres sont des personnes ressources en matière d’appui conseil et renforcement des capacités, lui permettant d’évaluer les problèmes environnementaux, de proposer des solutions et de mobiliser des ressources.
Conflit homme-faune et gestion des espèces menacées dans les aires protégées du Haut Atlas central, Maroc
Dans le Haut Atlas central, il y a un déclin croissant de la biodiversité. Des actions pour la protection des espèces et des habitats ont été initiées. Dans le cadre d’un projet de développement, nous avons formé des braconniers pour devenir des guides touristiques. Nos efforts pour sensibiliser et éduquer le public ont créé une éducation à la conservation efficace et impliqué un certain nombre de personnes dans la surveillance de la faune. Nous avons également initié un projet visant à gérer les conflits homme-faune. Ce projet a accru la tolérance du public envers les animaux sauvages. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, nous avons mené un très grand nombre de recherches scientifiques sur plusieurs espèces et habitats. En parallèle, nous avons impliqué les autorités locales, régionales et nationales dans la protection des espèces et des forêts.
Leaders éthiques durables de la Fondation Karla Wheelock
Karla Wheelock, première Latino-Américaine à atteindre les sept sommets du monde, a cherché à émuler dans le cœur des jeunes du Mexique l’amour de la nature et l’engagement ferme à travailler pour améliorer et conserver les énormes richesses du pays. C’est ainsi qu’est né le Programme Líderes Éticos Sustentables [Leaders éthiques durables]. Le projet vise à associer des jeunes issus d’écoles à faibles revenus à la réalisation de projets destinés à améliorer la qualité de l’environnement et la vie dans leur communauté. Depuis 10 ans, ce programme transforme la vie de milliers de jeunes en les mettant en contact avec la nature et en transformant ces expériences en compétences pour devenir des agents du changement dans leur famille, leur école et leur communauté.
Les objectifs du programme coïncident avec ceux que le mouvement #Nature pour tous cherche à promouvoir, aussi Karla Wheelock n’a-t-elle pas hésité à ajouter son initiative à ce mouvement mondial.
Restauración de sistemas ancestrales de manejo del agua en los Andes como una adaptación al cambio climático – Miraflores, Perú
La comunidad de Miraflores y el Instituto de Montaña implementaron una medida de Adaptación basada en Ecosistemas (AbE) en alianza con la Reserva Paisajística Nor Yauyos-Cochas y la UICN. Nuestra solución de adaptación combinó el conocimiento tradicional y local con la ciencia más reciente, y comprendió tres componentes: (1) Fortalecimiento de la institucionalidad y la organización comunal, (2) Fortalecimiento de capacidades y conocimientos locales e (3) Infraestructura verde-gris. Trabajando con conservacionistas, ingenieros y antropólogos, los miembros de la comunidad de Miraflores decidieron restaurar un antiguo sistema de gestión del agua diseñado por sus ancestros y que data de hace 700 años. Este sistema renovado es un híbrido de infraestructura verde y gris que aprovecha al máximo la ingeniería antigua y la ciencia moderna. Pudimos restaurar el flujo de agua a los pastizales y mejorar el manejo del ganado y pastos, una adaptación clave al cambio climático.
Des moyens de subsistance résilients et une protection contre les inondations et sécheresses grâce à la gestion durable des ressources naturelles
Le projet « Réserve de biosphère transfrontalière du Delta du Mono » vise la protection et l’utilisation durable de la biodiversité et des services écosystémiques dans le Delta du Mono en contribuant au développement durable surtout des communautés locales. L’introduction des mesures de gestion durable des ressources forestières et halieutiques contribue à augmenter la résilience des populations locales en face des défis climatiques existants tels que les inondations et la sécheresse.
Gobernanza para la adaptación en la cuenca compartida del río Sixaola
La cuenca binacional del río Sixaola, compartida por Costa Rica y Panamá, fluye hacia el mar Caribe. El área tiene una gran biodiversidad y riqueza cultural con una población afro-descendiente e indígena mixta. Las comunidades enfrentan vulnerabilidad social y carecen de capacidades de adaptación. El área se ve acentuada por el aumento de la fragmentación del hábitat, los cambios en los patrones de lluvia y el aumento de la incidencia de fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, particularmente inundaciones, que afectan a la vida local
La solución combina 4 elementos para fortalecer la gobernanza transfronteriza y mejorar la capacidad de adaptación al cambio climático, trabajando de cerca con la Comisión Binacional de la Cuenca del Río Sixaola (CBCRS) y maximizando la participación pública para aumentar su efectividad y consolidarla como plataforma de referencia de gobernanza.
YAWI SUMAK: La Bicicleta como una herramienta de comunicación ambiental.
Yawi-Sumak es una combinación de palabras indígenas, Yawi significa: saladero, un sitio en el bosque donde las aves y otros animales se reúnen para ingerir sales minerales y Sumak significa: bonito, grandioso. A través de un ciclopaseo ecológico con más de 300 ciclistas, se muestran las acciones que implementan autoridades ambientales, gobiernos locales y la comunidad en la conservación y uso sostenible de los recursos naturales. Esta herramienta de comunicación innovadora e incluyente permite a la población urbana tener una experiencia vivencial al conocer la belleza escénica, servicios ecosistémicos y especies paraguas, así como también la riqueza cultural de los grupos étnicos que habitan en la región: Shuar, Saraguro y Mestizos.
La iniciativa se pudo replicar en el Programa Regional AbE Ecuador para fomentar el ecoturismo comunitario en Membrillal, Manabi y se ha constituido en el ciclopaseo más importante del país. Fue presentada en el foro mundial de la bicicleta en México 2017.
Los planes de vida como una herramienta básica de articulación en el territorio de la Reserva Comunal Machiguenga
La Reserva Comunal Machiguenga alberga gran diversidad biológica y cultural,habitada por las comunidades nativas de las etnias Matsigenka, Ashaninka, Kaquinte y Yine-Yami, quienes son los guardianes del bosque y de sus riquezas desde tiempos ancestrales. El buen vivir de estas poblaciones necesita la articulación de los diferentes niveles de gobierno y actores locales, por ello los planes de vida, son las herramienta clave que permiten articular su visión de futuro con las actividades del Estado, la sociedad civil y el sector privado.
Las comunidades socias del Ejecutor de Contrato de Administración “MAENI”(ECA MAENI) que cuentan con PDV son Chakopishiato, Koribeni, Poyentimari y Tangoshiari elaborados con el soporte del equipo del ECA y la Jefatura de la RC Machiguenga.
Los PDV se basan en 3 pilares para:
- Auto-reflexionar acerca del estado actual de la comunidad,
- Pensar y planificar el futuro de la comunidad y
- Conectar con actores externos a fin de alcanzar sus metas.
Surveillance maritime participative au sein du Parc National du Banc d’Arguin
D’une étendue de 12000 km2, le Parc National du Banc d’Arguin (PNBA) est l’un des plus vastes parcs nationaux d’Afrique. Il constitue un écrin de reproduction de la courbine, de maturation du mulet jaune et de beaucoup d’espèces d’oiseaux et de poissons migrateurs. Le parc abrite également de vastes prairies d’herbiers marins. Une autre caractéristique exceptionnelle du PNBA est la présence en son sein des Imraguens, une population de pêcheurs du désert, qui bénéficient d’un droit exclusif d’accès à la ressource halieutique dans le cadre de leur pêche traditionnelle pratiquée à bord d’embarcations à voile latine appelées ‘lanches’. L’importance du PNBA en termes de biodiversité et de patrimoine culturel exige de garantir son intégrité socio-écologique. Conscients de cette situation, les gestionnaires du PNBA et la Délégation à la Surveillance des Pêches et du Contrôle en Mer (DSPCM) – aujourd’hui Garde Côtes Mauritanienne (GCM), ont mis en place dès 1999 un dispositif de surveillance maritime participative.
El Manejo sustentable y participativo en el ordenamiento de actividades marinas para la preservación de especies en la Reserva de la Biosfera El Vizcaíno
El Santuario de Ballenas El Vizcaíno es un lugar muy importante para la protección de la ballena gris, especie que ha estado en peligro de extinción.
Este área es objeto de actividades pesqueras y turismo con embarcaciones, las cuales coinciden con las rutas migratorias de las ballenas.
Para que este hecho no altere su hábitat, se han implementado medidas como:
- Monitoreo biológico semanal.
- Análisis etológico en un sistema de zonas diferenciadas por actividades.
- Trabajo conjunto con las empresas de turismo a fin de que su actividad no altere el proceso biológico de ballenas/ballenatos.
- Implementación de la Norma de Emergencia de 1996 con los lineamientos y parámetros para su protección y conservación.
Las medidas han permitido avanzar en pos de la conservación de la ballena gris e impulsando el desarrollo económico de la región y la participación de la sociedad civil.
Innovación tecnológica en la pesca y conservación
La innovación, con base en la tecnología smartphone, ha cambiado drásticamente la manera en que podemos empoderar a las comunidades pesqueras y registrar información. Apps en los smartphones, Web-Apps en línea y las páginas web, permiten a un número ilimitado de usuarios acceder y participar en estudios científicos, analizar datos, contribuir y recibir información. Esto permite a la ciencia operar en escalas y velocidades previamente imposibles.
En esta solución, se presentan diferentes herramientas tecnológicas, utilizadas para fines de conservación y pesca sostenible, promoviendo la inclusión digital y modernizando al sector pesquero. Para ello, se creó una aplicación móvil (PescaData) para registrar datos pesqueros, intercambiar servicios y productos, y conectar a las comunidades pesqueras. Además, se impartió el primer curso en línea en idioma español sobre ordenamiento pesquero y se creó una plataforma para evaluar reservas marinas.
PARQUE NACIONAL CABO PULMO: PARTICIPACIÓN PARA SU CONSERVACIÓN
Ante el constante deterioro causado por la pesca sin control, y con ayuda de académicos, hace 25 años los habitantes de la comunidad de Cabo Pulmo, México, decidieron dejar de pescar y cambiar de giro enfocándose en el turismo sustentable. Los primeros 14 años del Parque vivieron la necesidad de regular mejor las actividades humanas, hasta que en el 2009 se publica el Programa de Manejo. Sin embargo, algunas reglas definidas en este aún eran poco específicas para las actividades turísticas. Ese año se comienza a trabajar en un Programa de Uso Público (PUP), para establecer estas reglas. El PUP se ha construido en colaboración con la comunidad, académicos, prestadores de servicios turísticos, la CONANP y las Organizaciones de la Sociedad Civil. Durante estos años hemos sido testigos de que la suma de participación, fortalecimiento de capacidades y acciones de manejo, dan como resultando beneficios ambientales al arrecife y económicos para la comunidad local.
Solutions and case studies
Construcción participativa e intercultural del Plan Maestro de la Reserva Nacional Matsés
In this case, the master plan is a very important management instrument that sets out the conservation objectives, the actions to be taken and the timeframe for their execution.
The challenge for the Matsés National Reserve (RNM) was to generate an inclusive management instrument for the conservation and use requirements of a culturally diverse population (indigenous and non-indigenous), with conflicting and geographically dispersed groups.
To this end, different methodologies were devised, such as intercultural workshops with the participation of indigenous interpreters, the generation of friendly contents where the practical and traditional knowledge of the local population is recognized and evidenced (conservation status of landscapes and species, harvesting calendars), internships and other resources that contributed to the success of the master plan, facilitating dialogue and agreements between the population, the Natural Protected Areas (NPA) team and other key stakeholders.
Alianza público-privada para la gestión del Parque Nacional del Río Abiseo, Patrimonio Mundial
The Abiseo River National Park (PNRA), recognized as a Natural Heritage (1990) and Cultural Heritage (1992) by UNESCO, is one of the two Mixed World Heritage sites for Peru and the third for Latin America.
It is part of the Rio Huayabamba – Abiseo Model Forest (2015) and is the core zone of the Gran Pajaten Biosphere Reserve (2016).
It is one of the last Pleistocene refuges of the Huallaga.
It presents a participatory governance model through public-private partnerships, led by the Ministries of Culture and Environment, involving researchers from UNESCO Chair – University of Genoa, non-governmental organizations and the private sector.
This has achieved the participation of communities and organizations in the protection, conservation and dissemination of the exceptional universal value of the area and its associated landscape from the conservation concessions located in the Amazonian zone and the peasant communities of the highlands in the western zone of the PNRA.
Los jóvenes Vinculados a la Gestión de Reservas de Biosfera
The IBEROMAB Network has involved youth in the processes of Biosphere Reserves, considering that it is important to promote and facilitate the exchange of young people, to encourage their participation and enrich their training and awareness in the scientific, economic and social fields. In this way, promote “Education for Sustainable Development”, aimed at young people, at all educational levels of the Biosphere Reserves.
The Local Committee MaB RBCLSM in accompaniment of the German Cooperation GIZ through the PROCAMBIO project, formed the Youth Network of the Biosphere Reserve Cacique Lempira Lord of the Mountains, as a governance mechanism, participatory and inclusive to help strengthen the identity and understanding of the value of the biosphere reserve, forming leaders who contribute to the conservation of natural resources and sustainable management of the territory.
Bella Unión: La comunidad protegiendo la biodiversidad para mejorar su calidad de vida
The residents of Bella Unión promoted the creation of a Natural Protected Area in Rincón de Franquía, on the triple border with Argentina and Brazil. The objective was to protect the valuable biodiversity of the area, carry out environmental education to support conservation and develop nature tourism. To this end, they formed a local NGO: GRUPAMA. After a long process, they managed to get the area into the National System of Protected Areas. Now, together with NGOs and local authorities from neighboring cities in Argentina and Brazil, they are seeking to implement a Trinational Biological Corridor. It is hoped that this will allow, in addition to conservation and the enjoyment of the citizens of the area, the creation of a nature tourism offer that will promote post-pandemic economic reactivation. The innovation is given by the protagonism of the CSOs in the whole process, both locally and in the articulation with other NGOs and the authorities to create a transboundary natural protected area.
Redes Educativas como plataformas para la educación ambiental
The impacts caused by anthropogenic activities in the three protected areas that make up the Cacique Lempira “Señor de las Montañas” Biosphere Reserve made it necessary to analyze environmental education methodologies that would have a multiplying effect among the student population and the communities surrounding each school. To carry out this process, we analyzed the possibility of doing it through the Educational Networks, in this way we were able to raise awareness and sensitize teachers about the importance of natural resources and these in turn, made a multiplier effect, not only within the classroom, but also through schools for parents.This environmental education methodology, implemented through the Educational Networks, could easily be replicated not only in other protected areas of the country, but also in other biosphere reserves nationwide.
Escuela para líderes de conservación de áreas protegidas urbanas
More than 6 years of experience in training young people in socio-environmental education, working in different regions, communities and problems, allowed us to see that education is the tool par excellence for transformation. In this project we trained young people in ecological restoration and conservation of the area near the Urban Nature Reserve “El Corredor”, in San Miguel, province of Buenos Aires, with the aim of increasing citizen participation in conservation tasks, promoting the care of the space, multiplying natural protected areas, and making visible their benefits for the health of people and the environment. This reserve was selected because its creation was possible thanks to the involvement of the community, since it used to be an open-air garbage dump that was recovered by the people and declared a municipal reserve.
Schéma d'intervention opérationnel de l'espace naturel du Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin – Guadeloupe
The bay of the Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin is a remarkable area that concentrates various socio-economic, cultural, biogeographical and ecological issues. It is one of the most closely monitored sites in Guadeloupe (Ramsar site in 1993, Biosphere reserve in 1994, part of which was classified as a national nature reserve in 1987, then integrated into the marine heart of the Guadeloupe National Park in 2009). Despite these provisions, the area is subject to conflicts of use, a lack of rigorous enforcement and haphazard development. The Guadeloupe National Park’s territorial charter proposes shared governance of the park’s territories. For this reason, the 2 main managers, the Conservatoire du littoral and the Parc national de la Guadeloupe, have drawn up a strategy for the sustainable management of visitor numbers, accompanied by concrete proposals for action, enabling activities to be better distributed according to the sensitivity of the environment and the potential of the sites.
Un modèle de stratégie de surveillance du Parc National Isalo par les comités locaux du Parc (CLP)
Park monitoring by local park committees is one of the co-management strategies of the network of Protected Areas managed by Madagascar National Parks. This is a collaborative co-management approach, with village committees taking the place of park agents in monitoring the park, and a monitoring contract to be drawn up with each local park committee. The surface area of the Protected Area monitored annually by the Local Park Committee (CLP) is counted on the basis of the number of squares patrolled.
To this end, the Local Park Committee :
- is equipped with suitable and timely materials and equipment (GPS, uniform, ….)
- raises awareness and collects essential information
- relays information on pressures and reports to park management
- contributes to the safety of park visitors
Développement du réseau d'Aires marines éducatives
The project to create Marine Education Areas (MEAs) is a response to the challenge of degrading the marine environment by raising awareness among young people in schools. The network of AMEs helps to make them aware of and responsible for their local environment, so that they can better commit to defending it.
The project financed by the European BEST 2.0 program aimed to extend the AME network of Marquesan origin to French Polynesia.
The activities planned in the project coincided with this desire to create AMEs, such as carrying out an initial ecological survey, giving talks in classrooms, supplying teaching materials and communicating about the actions carried out.
The project involved pupils from 5 schools in French Polynesia in the management of an AME. They were thus involved in actions linked to the study of the marine environment.
The pupils’ skills were developed through a variety of educational, scientific and management activities.
Implication des peuples autochtones Batwa dans la gestion de la réserve naturelle de Bururi
The approach was developed in 2017 and beyond. It consists of involving Burundi’s Batwa indigenous peoples in the management and development of the Bururi forest nature reserve. Tangible results on biodiversity have been produced through a significant improvement in the management efficiency of this protected area. In addition, positive effects and impacts have been generated thanks to the improvement in their living conditions.
Community-based gorilla tourism
Different waves of Ebola killed gorillas in many important areas in Central Africa, including Odzala National park, Congo. Even worse, 2 habituated gorilla groups disappeared and left the park without this important source of potential income. The idea arose to habituate gorillas in a nearby community zone. GRASP provided matching funds to a community conservation project, and since 2012 tourists can see western lowland gorillas in the Lossi Interzone.
Forest conservation through building on indigenous knowledge
In Paraguay we have managed to combine the vision of biodiversity conservation with the restitution of ancestral lands of the Mbyaguarani indigenous people. What we have called “socioenvironmental condominium” is a sample of what can be achieved between environmental organizations and indigenous peoples. Our goals are common and can be achieve by working with those who better understand conservation in situ: native peoples.