Meta 9
Gestión sostenible de las especies silvestres en beneficio de las poblaciones
Conseguir que la gestión y utilización de especies silvestres sea sostenible, proporcionando así beneficios sociales, económicos y ambientales para todas las personas, en especial las que se encuentran en situaciones vulnerables y aquellas que más dependen de la diversidad biológica, entre otras cosas, mediante actividades, productos y servicios sostenibles basados en la diversidad biológica, que fortalezcan la biodiversidad, y mediante la protección y promoción de la utilización consuetudinaria sostenible por parte de los pueblos indígenas y las comunidades locales.
Conseguir que la gestión y utilización de especies silvestres sea sostenible, proporcionando así beneficios sociales, económicos y ambientales para todas las personas, en especial las que se encuentran en situaciones vulnerables y aquellas que más dependen de la diversidad biológica, entre otras cosas, mediante actividades, productos y servicios sostenibles basados en la diversidad biológica, que fortalezcan la biodiversidad, y mediante la protección y promoción de la utilización consuetudinaria sostenible por parte de los pueblos indígenas y las comunidades locales.
El contexto
PAME
Proporcionar a las personas y comunidades que dependen de especies silvestres para obtener alimentos y otras necesidades esenciales los incentivos apropiados y los beneficios equitativos que sustentan un uso sostenible, asegurando así la persistencia de las especies y la disponibilidad continua de recursos
Primary tools and resources
IPBES ILK Approach
The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) has developed the IPBES ILK Approach to guide work on indigenous and local knowledge. The IPBES Global Assessment (GA) was the first global scale assessment to engage systematically with ILK and showed that existing knowledge is fragmented and lacks integration between social and natural sciences and that integrating different world views in requires increased dialogue and agreement. IPBES has established an ILK Task Force and Technical Support Unit.
Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing
The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity. is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity. It is a transparent legal framework for the effective implementation of the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, thereby contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. The Nagoya Protocol sets out core obligations for its contracting Parties to take measures in relation to access to genetic resources, benefit-sharing and compliance. The Nagoya Protocol addresses traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources with provisions on access, benefit-sharing, and compliance. It also addresses genetic resources where indigenous and local communities have the established right to grant access to them. Contracting Parties should take measures to ensure these communities’ free, prior, informed consent, keeping in mind community laws and procedures as well as customary use and exchange. The Nagoya Protocol entered into force on 12 October 2014.
How to use
The Nagoya Protocol is available in English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Russian at: https://www.cbd.int/abs
Nagoya Protocol Factsheets on access and benefit sharing can be downloaded at: https://www.cbd.int/abs/factsheet
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA)
The Treaty was developed by FAO. The objectives of the Treaty are the conservation and sustainable use of all plant genetic resources for food security and agriculture, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of their use. The Treaty puts 64 of the most important crops that together account for 80% of the food derived from plants into an easily accessible global pool of genetic resources that is freely available to potential users in the Treaty’s ratifying nations for some uses. The Treaty ensures that access to genetic resources already protected by international property rights is consistent with international and national laws.
How to use
The Treaty and further information can be accessed at: https://www.fao.org/plant-treaty/en/
The capacity development strategy of the international treaty 2023–2030 are available at: https://www.fao.org/3/nk298en/nk298en.pdf
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
The Declaration is a comprehensive instrument detailing the rights of indigenous peoples in international law and policy. It establishes a universal framework of minimum standards for the survival, dignity, wellbeing and rights of the world’s indigenous peoples.
The Declaration addresses both individual and collective rights; cultural rights and identity; rights to education, health, employment, language, and others. It outlaws discrimination against indigenous peoples and promotes their full and effective participation in all matters that concern them.
It also ensures their right to remain distinct and to pursue their own priorities in economic, social and cultural development. The Declaration explicitly encourages harmonious and cooperative relations between States and indigenous peoples.
IUCN Standard on Indigenous Peoples
The Standard represents IUCN’s policy objectives with respect to indigenous peoples. It contains eight policy objectives for projects undertaken or supported by IUCN to support indigenous peoples and promote their role in conservation and management of sustainable resources.
The purpose of this Standard is to ensure that IUCN projects anticipate and avoid negative impacts on indigenous peoples or to minimise and/or compensate for impacts; take all rights and needs of indigenous peoples fully into account in project planning and implementation; and ensure that their customs, cultural and spiritual values, and perspectives on the environment are included.
IUCN guidelines for gathering of fishers’ knowledge for policy development and applied use
Small-scale fisheries provide food security, livelihoods and income to millions of people but their management still presents a challenge to managers and other stakeholders due to problems in gathering suitable information and its incorporation in fisheries policy. Fishers are a key source of knowledge for assessment of both extractive capacity and value in small-scale fisheries, in addition to providing a broad array of cultural knowledge. The increasing recognition of the value of incorporating traditional fishing knowledge in freshwater, riverine, lacustrine and coastal and marine fisheries management is now evident in international conventions and published literature. The purpose of these guidelines is to make it easier for users to recognise and include fishers’ knowledge as an important data stream in resource management. The report includes details on the breadth of knowledge that can be gathered, how it can be gathered, and how this information can be applied to support sustainable fisheries policy and broader applications in society. It contains case studies from Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and the Pacific.
Other tools and resources
La Reserva Biológica Bosque Nuboso Monteverde, un área protegida privada como modelo de gestión y aporte a la economía de la región
La creación de la Reserva Biológica Bosque Nuboso Monteverde del Centro Científico Tropical en 1972 marca un hito en la economía de la región. La llegada de científicos y turistas para conocer el ecosistema ha generado que su población vea una oportunidad de mejora en su nivel de vida. Este progreso es evidente a través de la llegada de más de 100 mil visitantes a la reserva, permitiendo a los locales, ofrecer servicios de hospedaje y alimentación, convirtiéndose en operadores turísticos y generando así un traspaso de su actividad agricultora y ganadera hacia el rubro empresario del turismo y en algunos casos, adicionando estas actividades a las agrícolo- ganaderas incrementando con ello su economía familiar.
Actualmente, todos los pobladores se encuentran relacionados de alguna manera con el turismo, lo cual se debe a la creación de este área protegida.
Ponte Los Ojos Por La Vida en el PNN Chingaza: una estrategia multiactor para la conservación del oso andino
El oso andino (tremarctos ornatus) enfrenta serias amenazas, una de ellas asociada a la que la especie tiene presencia en los terrenos de pobladores locales. Su población ha disminuido dada la presencia de interacciones negativas entre la especie y los humanos por eventos de consumo ocasional de animales domésticos y cultivos como el maíz que pueden ocasionar la cacería del oso, sumado a las tradiciones de algunas comunidades humanas que lo persiguen. Este conflicto de vieja data se ha convertido hoy por hoy en un ejemplo de acción colaborativa entre las autoridades, la sociedad civil y las comunidades locales para conservar una de las especies más emblemáticas del país, a través de esfuerzos de monitoreo, educación ambiental y colaboración interinstitucional, contribuyendo a un manejo adecuado de los sistemas productivos y disminuyendo los riesgos y presiones sobre esta especie vulnerable.
Conservación de bosque en las comunidades de Boca Isiriwe, Masenawa y Puerto Azul, Reserva Comunal Amarakaeri
La Reserva Comunal Amarakaeri (RCA) fue creada por iniciativa de 10 comunidades indígenas para conservar la multitud de servicios como alimento, abrigo, medicina y agua. La reserva contribuye a la protección de dos cuencas y asegura la estabilidad de las tierras y bosques para mantener la calidad y cantidad de agua para el desarrollo de las comunidades nativas que sufren sequias e inundaciones. Las comunidades han incluido en sus planes el aprovechamiento de la Castaña como medida para obtener recursos económicos.
La reserve de développement durable Mamirauá – Traivaller avec les communautés autochtones en Amazonie
L’Institut de développement durable Mamirauá a été fondé en 1999 en vue de proposer des connaissances scientifiques, technologiques et novatrices aux communautés de la région de l’Amazonie. Le mandat est exercé avec le plus haut niveau d’éthique et de responsabilité, en respectant les connaissances traditionnelles des habitants.
L’Institut a créé la Réserve de développement durable de Mamirauá. D’une superficie de 1 240 000 hectares, la Réserve abrite la plus grande zone humide de la planète, ce qui la place au premier rang des réserves de développement durable (de catégorie 6 de l’Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature) au Brésil.
Au cours des dernières décennies, la Réserve de développement durable de Mamirauá a été surexploitée par des entreprises privées. C’est pourquoi l’Institut travaille en étroite collaboration avec les communautés locales afin de veiller à l’utilisation durable des ressources halieutiques.
Confianza – clave del éxito de la cogestión entre el Estado y las Comunidades Nativas en la Reserva Comunal Amarakaeri (RCA)
REDD+ es un mecanismo para la reducción de las emisiones por deforestación y degradación forestal, que promueve la inclusión de salvaguardas ambientales y sociales, con atención a la participación plena y efectiva de pueblos indígenas y comunidades locales. En Perú surgieron iniciativas REDD que no consideraban a las organizaciones indígenas. Así nace RIA como estrategia de mitigación, adaptación y resiliencia frente al cambio climático; que contribuye con la conservación de bosques en territorios indígenas (60% del territorio peruano son bosques). Las comunidades nativas poseen 11.5M de hectáreas donde ocurre el 16.5% de la deforestación. Las Reservas Comunales surgen como estrategia para conservación de la biodiversidad en beneficio de poblaciones locales. El 2012, COICA y AIDESEP proponen un piloto RIA en la RCA, donde viven etnias Harakmbut, Yine y Machiguenga, para fortalecer la gobernanza, canalizar fondos climáticos y contribuir con la reducción de emisiones por deforestación.
IWC Whale Watching Handbook
Whale watching is a rapidly growing activity, and the Whale Watching Handbook was designed to help the industry develop in a way that is sustainable in the long-term, for both the whale populations that are observed and the economies that depend on their presence.
As the inter-governmental organisation charged with conservation of whale stocks, the IWC is well-placed to provide the expertise needed to understand and manage the potential impacts of whale watching on the whales. These foundations have been strengthened by a partnership with the Convention for Migratory Species (CMS) and the result is a comprehensive, living and evolving resource on whale watching, available in three languages.
State of the Wildlife Economy in Africa (2021)
Natural resources and wildlife are traditionally seen as inputs and not as assets in a national economy. This approach has seen limited government resources being invested in the wildlife economy or allocated to supporting wildlife resources. If this is to change there is a need to illustrate to governments and other stakeholders the economic contribution of wildlife resources to local, national and regional economies. Too little is currently understood about this contribution.
Wildlife Conservation Bond
We support developing countries’ work to address the world’s most pressing environmental issues. We organize our work around five focal areas – biodiversity loss, chemicals and waste, climate change, international waters, and land degradation – and take an integrated approach to support more sustainable food systems, forest management, and cities.
Wildlife credit schemes
AFRICA’S WILDLIFE is a unique global asset but it is increasingly under threat.
Loss of habitat, conflict with humans, and illegal poaching are some of the factors that threaten the survival of rare and endangered species, including elephants, lions and rhinos.
To conserve wildlife for future generations, we need inspired ideas and urgent action.
WILDLIFE CREDITS is an innovative approach which rewards communities for protecting wildlife and creates opportunities for smart conservation where wildlife thrives and people prosper.
CITES and Livelihoods case-studies
Rural communities in certain parts of the world depend heavily on species of wild animals and plants for their livelihoods. Parties to CITES recognize the potential impacts of CITES-listing decisions on the livelihoods of rural communities, noting inthe meantime that effective implementation of CITES decisions can form part of a strategy to provide sustainable livelihoods for rural communities, consistent with UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [Resolution Conf. 16.6 (Rev. CoP18)].
In order to better assess potential positive and negative impacts of CITES listing decisions, and to maximize the benefits of legal trade to rural communities and species conservation, various tools and case studies have been developed.
People in Nature: Understanding how communities use biodiversity
People in Nature (PiN) is an approach to systematically identify and document the value and uses (both material and cultural) of biodiversity – identifying where in the landscape the benefits can be found, and understanding how these benefits are realised and distributed. Applying this approach though conducting a PiN assessment can help project developers with setting ecological and livelihoods baselines, designing site-relevant monitoring and evaluation systems, and informing priority-setting for activities – both for specific species and/or habitats, and to maximise positive livelihoods outcomes.
Solutions and case studies
Parc National de Toubkal : des éco-gardes au sein de la communauté locale.
Compte-tenu du fait que le nombre de 3 Techniciens forestiers (Chefs de Zone) affectés à la Direction du Parc National de Toubkal (DPNT) était insuffisant pour honorer la mission de suivi des activités touristiques et de la faune sauvage, et qu’aucun recrutement n’était prévu par le Haut Commissariat aux Eaux et Forêts à la Lutte Contre la Désertification pour combler ce manque d’effectifs, la DPNT a envisagé de recruter, depuis 2015, dans le cadre d’un service externalisé, des éco-gardes au sein des communautés locales, et sur la base de profils très spécifiques (ex : ancien guide de montagne, ancien braconnier).
De plus, pour être opérationnels sur le terrain, ces éco-gardes ont bénéficié de formations animées par des experts en faune/flore et l’équipe du Parc National de Toubkal afin d’identifier les espèces faunistiques prioritaires, manipuler le matériel technique mis à leur disposition et réaliser le monitoring mis en place par la DPNT.
Community-based gorilla tourism
Different waves of Ebola killed gorillas in many important areas in Central Africa, including Odzala National park, Congo. Even worse, 2 habituated gorilla groups disappeared and left the park without this important source of potential income. The idea arose to habituate gorillas in a nearby community zone. GRASP provided matching funds to a community conservation project, and since 2012 tourists can see western lowland gorillas in the Lossi Interzone.
Forest conservation through building on indigenous knowledge
In Paraguay we have managed to combine the vision of biodiversity conservation with the restitution of ancestral lands of the Mbyaguarani indigenous people. What we have called “socioenvironmental condominium” is a sample of what can be achieved between environmental organizations and indigenous peoples. Our goals are common and can be achieve by working with those who better understand conservation in situ: native peoples.
EcoGourmet: Bringing sustainable fish to your plate
Since 2009, EcoGourmet has enhanced the technical and administrative capacities of artisanal fishing cooperatives and to achieve responsible fishing. EcoGourmet facilitates the signing of fair agreements between suppliers, fishing cooperatives and restaurants and sensitizes consumers to the ramifications of their purchasing decisions. Participating restaurants offer locally sourced, sustainably caught fish. Negative impacts on ecosystems are reduced while profits for local fishers increased.
The Role of Ecotourism in supporting socio-economic development in Ajloun Forest Reserve
Ajloun Reserve covers 12 sq km from the remaining fragile and fragmented forest patches northern Jordan. The most important component of RSCN’s solution to integrate the local communities in its conservation programs was nature-based low impact ecotourism. We developed eco-tourism infrastructure and facilities (cabins, restaurants, trails) to attract nature lovers to stay overnights in the area, which only received limited numbers of day visitors before the establishment of the reserve. We linked the reserve with the surrounding historical and cultural attractions creating benefits and alternative income to the local communities, and assisted in the rehabilitation of local houses located along the hiking trails as stop points for food and beverage. Our ecotourism product depends on natural and cultural resources, low level of technology with low negative impact on nature respecting the sites carrying capacity.
Best Management Practices for Silvo-Aquaculture
By promoting Best Management Practices for silvo (mangrove) aquaculture, as well as supporting Farmer Interest Groups along the Mekong Delta coast, the solution aims to raise awareness of mangrove ecosystem conservation benefits and diversify farmers’ incomes. It encourages ecological farming techniques and the integration of mangroves in shrimp ponds.
Sikkim’s State Policy on Organic Farming and Sikkim Organic Mission, India
Sikkim is the first state in the world that is 100% organic: All of its farmland is certified organic. The policy implemented a phase-out of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and achieved a total ban on sale and use of chemical pesticides in the state. The transition has benefitted more than 66,000 farming families.
At the same time, Sikkim’s approach reaches beyond organic production and has proved truly transformational for the state and its citizens. Embedded in its design are socioeconomic aspects such as consumption and market expansion, cultural aspects as well as health, education, rural development and sustainable tourism. Sikkim’s tourism sector, for instance, benefited greatly from the new organic image: between 2014 and 2017, the number of tourists increased by over 50 per cent.
For their achievements, Sikkim’s policies were awarded the Future Policy Gold Award 2018, awarded by the World Future Council in partnership with the FAO and IFOAM – Organics International.
A multi-actor alliance to reduce the risks of cascading hazards in Sian Ka'an.
In the face of climate-related challenges, and various socioeconomic pressures in Sian Ka’an, CONANP has created an innovative multi-actor alliance to increase local adaptive capacity through an EbA strategy based on mangrove rehabilitation & income diversification. A key step was to engage farmers using targeted public financial mechanisms. CONANP has supported the fishing sector to diversify its productive activities. The academia has also played a prominent role in planning, and regulation.
Sea turtle conservation in Ivory Coast
This solution helped to stop the poaching of sea turtles on the most important nesting beach of Côte d’Ivoire, the beach of Mani-Kablaké located west of the country. Thanks to the project implemented by CEM since 2013, turtle hunting and nest destruction have been eradicated at the site, more than 1,000 turtles and their nests were protected yearly, local stakeholders have benefited from drinking water supply and solar electrification, and eco-tourism has been developed in the area.
“Tagging” fishing vessels to improve compliance and revenue generation
The solution addresses the challenge of how to identify and ensure that legal fishing vessels pay their license fees to district authorities, which are important as they fund fisheries management and enforcement efforts of local government structures. It uses a color coded small plastic zip-lock cable tie to identify licensed vessels, enabling fisheries officers and local community-based structures to determine if a vessel is legal and has paid the relevant fees for a particular district.
The impact of ecotourism on changing perceptions about a PA
The Almaty Nature Reserve in Kazakhstan is an attractive destination for ecotourists due to its rich biodiversity, modern tourism infrastructure in nearby city of Almaty and international flight connections. Although met with some local resistance when created due to imposed restrictions, a three pronged strategy focusing on environmental, educational and public engagement has improved relations with communities and the reserve now welcomes ecotourists every year and hosts annual eco events.
Supporting the promotion of Imraguen fishery products in Banc d’Arguin NP
Fishing is an important and primary activity for Imraguen populations in Banc d’Arguin National Park. Imraguen women are engaged in processing fishery products using different species of fish, the most famous is the yellow mullet. This activity often provides women with only small revenues. To support them, the park administration has set up the “Imraguen Credit Fund ” with a 0% interest rate.
