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Action 4.4 - ru
Action 4.6 - ru
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  • Задача 4
  • Action 4.5 - ru

4.5. Сведение к минимуму утраты генетического разнообразия всех видов, находящихся под угрозой исчезновения, и сохранение не менее 95 % разнообразия генов тех видов, у которых оно уже подверглось истощению

Assessing and monitoring the genetic diversity of wild species has been relatively neglected until recently. Major advances in genetic and now genomic research have significantly increased the power of molecular analyses and reduced the costs. DNA analysis relies on well-equipped laboratories and trained scientific staff. Therefore, several monitoring and reporting approaches have been developed that use proxy measures where DNA data are not available. Such proxies may include effective population size, range contraction, fragmentation, and others. The headline CBD Indicator for the genetic component of Target 4 is “the proportion of the populations of a species that have an effective population size >500”. A recent study compared five proposed methods for monitoring genetic diversity, and recommended a scorecard system as a unified reporting mechanism by (O’Brien et al. 2022). 

Subactions

  • 4.5.1. Проведение оценки утраты генетического разнообразия в популяциях видов, находящихся под угрозой исчезновения, с помощью методов генетического и геномного анализа или косвенных оценок.
  • 4.5.2. Разработка стандартизированных показателей генетического разнообразия и механизмов отчетности для директивных органов и управляющих в сфере охраны природы.
  • 4.5.3. Использование методов генетического и геномного анализа для информационного обеспечения комплексного управления на уровне метапопуляций в отношении популяций ex situ и in situ и уточнения их роли в реинтродукции и укреплении (пополнении) популяций.
  • 4.5.4. Обеспечение учета генетических рисков в проводимых оценках видов в рамках Красного списка.

Solutions and case studies

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Beavers in Knapdale: Scottish Beavers Reinforcement Project

The Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) has been extinct in mainland Britain since the 16th century. The Scottish Beaver Trial was the first licensed mammal reintroduction project in the UK, establishing a beaver population of Norwegian origin in Scotland’s Knapdale forest. However, the population was small, with low genetic diversity threatening it with extirpation. The Scottish Beavers reinforcement project was designed to mitigate this risk. Following extensive public consultation and genetic sampling, the project released 21 beavers of Bavarian origin with more, different genetic diversity to Knapdale between 2017 and 2020. The reinforcement was a success, with subsequent monitoring finding increased breeding and new lochs occupied. Additionally, genetic sampling has indicated significantly higher genetic diversity in the population compared to before the translocation, improving the population’s resilience. The project has acted as a template for other translocations and informed Scotland’s Beaver Strategy 2022-2045.

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