An endnote bibliographic database was created to synthesise Australian Indigenous Biocultural Knowledge (IBK) from existing publicly available documents. This is now available in one place at www.aibk.info for people to search what IBK exists and in what areas (spatially) via an interactive map. Case studies of IBK are also showcased on this website.
Coffee farming in Masaka District has been highly vulnerable to climate variability, including prolonged dry spells and erratic rainfall that disrupt flowering and reduce yields. Although irrigation improves productivity, adoption has remained low due to high upfront costs and reliance on diesel-powered systems, which are expensive and environmentally unsustainable. As a result, many smallholder farmers have depended on rain-fed agriculture, leading to low productivity and income instability.
The project introduced solar-powered irrigation as a sustainable solution, providing reliable and affordable water using renewable energy. Solar pumps, water storage, and drip irrigation systems were installed to improve efficiency and yields. Farmers and Community Resource Persons (CRPs) were trained in installation, operation, maintenance, and water management.
Pilot farmers established demonstration sites, supported by hands-on training. CRPs now provide local technical support, while partnerships with solar system suppliers.
The Liaohe River Estuary in northeast China is a key stopover and breeding site along the East Asian–Australasian Flyway, supporting waterbirds, including endangered Saunders’s Gull. The area is also a major rice-producing region sustaining local livelihoods. However, intensive rice farming has degraded wetland habitats, reduced biodiversity, and increased economic risks for farmers.
To address these challenges, this solution promotes a bird-friendly rice farming model integrating rice cultivation, crab co-culture, and improved water management. The approach transforms rice fields into multifunctional agro-wetlands that support biodiversity while maintaining stable production and farmer income.
Implemented through pilot demonstrations, farmer training, ecological monitoring, and market development, the model strengthened local capacity and encouraged sustainable practices. Pilot results show increased waterbird diversity and improved farm income, demonstrating that conservation and agriculture can be mutually reinforcing.
Imam Abdulaziz bin Mohammed Royal Reserve (IARR) provides a compelling model of how arid ecosystems can recover when adaptive, science-based management is combined with strong community engagement.in the past the reserve suffered from drought, debris accumulation, and unsustainable grazing that drove vegetation cover to critically low levels, threatened biodiversity, and limited the benefits that communities could derive from natural resources.
In response, IARR adopted an integrated approach focused on ecological restoration, sustainable grazing management, biodiversity recovery, and diversified livelihoods. Between 2022 and mid-2025, more than 10,830.41ha of degraded land were restored with 1.02 million native trees planted, raising vegetation cover from 0.13% in 2022 to 0.45% in mid-2025. Importantly, this was not a tree-planting campaign alone—it was a structured program combining natural regeneration, habitat rehabilitation, and rotational grazing to reduce pressure on fragile ecosystems.
The Revive & Rewild Initiative, led by the Somali Relief and Development Organization (SORDO), is a community-driven and youth-powered restoration model that protects and regenerates critically endangered Boswellia carteri frankincense woodlands across the Uur-Caleed corridor and Golis Mountains in Puntland, Somalia. The project restores degraded dryland ecosystems, strengthens climate resilience, and enhances sustainable livelihoods by integrating ecological restoration, community stewardship, rotational grazing governance, and youth eco-guardianship.
Through restoring 14 hectares of frankincense woodland (within an 800-hectare landscape of ongoing restoration), clearing invasive Prosopis juliflora, planting 2,000 native seedlings, establishing community conservation areas, and empowering 40 eco-guardians, the initiative demonstrates an effective, low-cost, and replicable model for dryland biodiversity recovery.
In Masaka District, widespread tree cutting and land degradation have significantly reduced soil fertility and threatened coffee production, a key livelihood for thousands of farmers within the region. These challenges are further exacerbated by climate change, characterized by erratic rainfall patterns and long dry spells, as well as declining tree cover, which have weakened the resilience and productivity of coffee farming.
To address these challenges, Masaka District Farmers Association, as a recipient of the International Climate Initiative (IKI) Small Grants, is implementing a solution focused on restoring coffee farms and degraded landscapes through agroforestry and large-scale tree planting
This effort is reinforced through the establishment of centralized tree nurseries to ensure a reliable and sustainable supply of appropriate, coffee-friendly seedlings. Farmers are supported through targeted training and continuous technical guidance in agroforestry practices and sustainable agricultural land management (SALM).
This solution demonstrates how large-scale solar energy development can be aligned with nature-based solutions (NbS) to address land degradation, water scarcity, and climate resilience. Implemented in Yulin, Shaanxi Province, and Yinchuan, Ningxia Province, the projects integrate photovoltaic infrastructure with ecological restoration and water retention strategies, transforming degraded sandy land into multifunctional landscapes.
Beneath the solar panels, water-retaining agents are incorporated into the soil to form distributed “micro-reservoirs” that capture limited rainfall, reduce evaporation, and support vegetation growth. The resulting vegetation has shown strong establishment compared to typical solar farm conditions. This improved vegetation cover enhances soil stability, reduces desertification risks, and strengthens ecosystem resilience, while maintaining efficient energy production with reduced cleaning frequency and lower water demand.
The project addresses the issue of water scarcity, which threatens biodiversity and the local community. The project aims to create conditions for controlled water inflow and retention, improving the area’s resilience to climate extremes and enhancing conditions for livestock, wildlife, tourism, and biodiversity conservation, all without jeopardizing the flood defense system.
The project activities were focused on the reconstruction and modernization of parts of the canal network to make it resemble natural water habitats as closely as possible, with sloped banks to allow animals easier access to water, including the construction of overflow weirs to improve the water regime in the Crvenka marsh depressions and control the water level.
The project idea of was to revitalize and manage the wetland habitats in the Special Nature Reserve “Obedska bara” by implementing a nature-based Solution (NbS), namely through extensive grazing by a herd of water buffalo. Managed by a local farmer, and in cooperation with the protected area manager (Public Enterprise Vojvodinašume) and the BirdLife partner (Bird Protection and Study Society of Serbia), the problem posed by overgrown vegetation and reduced water flow was greatly reduced.
The main goal of the project was to clear up 25 ha of overgrown wet meadows, ponds, and forest edges by grazing water buffalo and to remove invasive plant species, creating “open water mirrors” and attracting more birds to reside in the area. The project also conducted activities to strengthen and raise the awareness of the local community about the importance of preserving wetland habitats.
In Ethiopia’s lowlands, climate change, erosion and drought degrade land, cut yields and fuel conflicts among agro-pastoralists. The Dry Valley Rehabilitation and Productive Use approach under the global GIZ ProSoil programme integrates technical and socio-ecological measures to restore dry valleys, secure water and promote sustainable land use. The approach uses Water Spreading Weirs, Dry-Stone Measures and biological measures. Water Spreading Weirs span dry riverbeds to spread and slow floods, enhance infiltration, trap nutrient-rich sediments and improve soils and vegetation. Based on a traditional and administrative system, the approach follows 7 steps from satellite-based suitability mapping to participatory planning by user cooperatives, rehabilitation and productive use. GIZ, BMZ, Ethiopian agencies, research bodies and communities collaborated to build 110 Water Spreading Weirs and 205 Dry-Stone Measures in Afar with similar work in Somali and Oromia, restoring 55,500 ha of degraded land and supporting 6,000 people.
India’s growing population has placed immense pressure on agricultural lands, resulting in nearly 40 percent of India’s land being degraded, with 3.7 million hectares suffering from the depletion of soil organic matter and nutrients. Also, the access to subsidised but still expensive synthetic fertiliser is challenging for many smallholder farmers. Therefore, the use of agro-chemical alternatives has gained traction to support sustainable agriculture. Biochar (in combination with biological fertiliser) improves soil fertility, water retention, neutralises acidity in soils and acts as a long-term carbon sink. However, the very limited number of businesses currently engaged in market-oriented biochar production is partly a consequence of technological and infrastructural limitations. To support market expansion, community bioresource enterprises have been established in six districts of Maharashtra/India. The goal is to promote the use of biochar among small-scale and female farmers through a sustainable business model.
Guatemala is considered as one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change, facing threats to water and food security as well as livelihoods. Despite this, climate action has received insufficient consideration in the country’s development agenda and local planning.
To address these issues, the EbA-LAC program has collaborated with relevant institutional teams to establish a joint approach towards guiding municipalities in the incorporation of climate considerations into their planning and budgeting processes. Through advocacy actions, key actors have updated the public investment system to include adaptation products, providing a procedural framework for municipalities to access funding and include adaptation measures in municipal budgets. In addition, by improving inter-institutional coordination, facilitating joint municipal planning tools, as well as strengthening municipalitechnical capacities, EbA-LAC has succeeded in paving the way for municipalities to leverage synergies towards an increased resilience.
In the small-scale fisheries (SSF) communities of Siargao, Philippines, a two-pronged financial strategy is helping bridge the gap between household resilience and local government budgeting for coastal conservation.
The international conservation organization Rare, with support from the Global EbA Fund, tested a combination of financial inclusion research—focused on tools like savings, insurance, and responsible credit—and a practical Excel-based budgeting model to help Local Government Units (LGUs) cost and plan for the Managed Access with Reserves (MA+R) environmental management system. The MA+R model is a proven rights-based approach to fisheries management that combines sustainable use of coastal natural resources with strict protection and ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) measures.
Together, these tools support long-term sustainability, empower communities, and enable LGUs to better integrate EbA into formal planning and budgeting cycles.
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