La Reserva Comunal Amarakaeri (RCA) fue creada por iniciativa de 10 comunidades indígenas para conservar la multitud de servicios como alimento, abrigo, medicina y agua. La reserva contribuye a la protección de dos cuencas y asegura la estabilidad de las tierras y bosques para mantener la calidad y cantidad de agua para el desarrollo de las comunidades nativas que sufren sequias e inundaciones. Las comunidades han incluido en sus planes el aprovechamiento de la Castaña como medida para obtener recursos económicos.

Chiapas es un país mega diverso y altamente vulnerable al cambio climático. Es uno de los estados con ingresos más bajos de México y la mayoría de la población vive en áreas rurales. Las comunidades locales implementan medidas de conservación y AbE, pero se necesitan más mecanismos financieros y una mejor participación y gobernanza multinivel.

Esta solución crea un modelo de gobierno participativo y multidimensional (BB1) y utiliza un enfoque por ecosistemas (BB2). Fortalece el Consejo Asesor de Cambio Climático de Chiapas (CCAD), la plataforma para la participación pública y el consejo asesor de la Comisión de Coordinación de Cambio Climático de la Secretaría. La solución se centró en reactivar este Consejo para que se convierta en un puente entre la formulación de políticas y la acción de adaptación local.

La ganadería es una de las actividades productivas con mayor potencial en la Región Trifinio, donde colindan El Salvador, Guatemala y Honduras. Para muchas familias ya es una de sus principales fuentes de ingreso. No obstante, la mayoría de las unidades de producción ganadera se encuentran ubicadas en suelos de ladera, y se caracterizan por un pastoreo extensivo. Estos sistemas tradicionales o convencionales de producción tienen un fuerte impacto sobre el medioambiente, son poco rentables y vulnerables a efectos del cambio climático. La solución promovió un manejo más diversificado e intensivo en más de 100 unidades de producción piloto. Los ganaderos integraron de forma complementaria prácticas de protección del medioambiente, aumento de la productividad, y de mejora en sus capacidades de comercialización de leche.

Fondo para la Paz (FPP)  trabaja con comunidades indígenas en 5 estados de México; la agricultura forma parte de una línea dentro del proceso de desarrollo con el objetivo de empoderar y fortalecer a las comunidades y su organizaón, con una actividad que conserve servicios ecositémicos y biodiversidad, y promueva el desarrollo de capacidades y competencias. FPP tiene esta línea de trabajo en Veracruz, San Luis y Oaxaca trabajando con café, vainilla y maíz. La finalidad es incrementar ingresos y cambiar paradigmas sobre conservación y agricultura. Trabajamos con las personas para buscar que se responsabilicen de su proceso de desarrollo, de su ambiente y de las acciones que realizaran en el futuro, tomando la agricultura como el camino yel desarrollo es el último objetivo por alcanzar. Para lograr esto, trabajamos con cada comunidad de to 10 – 15 años, buscando el desarrollo y doonde las comunidades sean autogestivas, cohesionadas y con visión de desarrollo.

En la Región Trifinio colindan 3 grandes cuencas hidrográficas que proveen vitales servicios ecosistémicos a El Salvador, Guatemala y Honduras. La cuenca del Río Lempa es por ej. clave para el abastecimiento en agua de la capital de El Salvador. En vista de mejorar la recarga hídrica en la Región Trifinio se promovió y acompañó un cambio de uso de suelo con pequeños productores de escasos recursos, viviendo hasta entonces de una agricultura de subsistencia con bajos rendimientos y poco sostenible. Fueron incentivados a probar en parcelas piloto el cultivo de frutales aplicando prácticas de conservación de suelo. La solución comprobó una importante mejora en la infiltración del agua en los suelos. Además, fortaleció el tejido social en las microcuencas piloto promoviendo el intercambio entre los habitantes y actores externos (gubernamentales, no gubernamentales, sector privado). Complementariamente se fortalecieron capacidades de acceso a mercados, lo que mejoró los ingresos familiares.

En el Área de Conservación Ambiental (ACA) “Páramos y Bosques Nublados de Cachiaco y San Pablo -Pacaipampa”, el manejo del área es respaldado por las poblaciones locales, con el interés de asegurar la conservación y el buen uso de los recursos naturales de la zona, principalmente del recurso hídrico. Los acuerdos entre la comunidad se gestionan a través de asambleas con la finalidad de disminuir la presión sobre el bosque y páramo. A su vez, se promueven actividades productivas sostenibles para apoyar a las familias cercanas al ACA y mejorar su calidad, dinamizando la inversión pública, privada y de cooperación para lo cual se ha trabajado y validado de manera articulada con los diversos actores relacionados al ACA, un plan de gestión para un desarrollo ordenado en un corto, mediano y largo plazo.

El Manglar de San Pedro de Vice es un tipo único de bosque tropical que cuenta con especies de flora y fauna protegidas a nivel nacional e internacional y representa un espacio de refugio y alimentación para la migración de aves, reproducción y crecimiento de invertebrados y ecosistema de algarrobal.

En el año 2008, el Manglar de San Pedro fue designado el 13° Sitio RAMSAR del Perú. Con este antecedente, en el año 2013, se inicia el Proyecto Piloto sobre la Administración Local a través de la formación de un Comité de Gestión Participativa. Dicho Comité tiene el propósito de velar por la conservación del manglar con base en el diseño de herramientas de gestión, convirtiéndose en una de las pioneras en el manejo de humedales en el país.

Durante los años 60 se desarrollaron muchos vertederos en el Río de la Plata, Argentina. Estas acciones crearon un nuevo ecosistema de origen antropogénico.

En 1985, un movimiento estudiantil comenzó a trabajar para proteger este sitio que se conocía como La Reserva Biológica y Parque para la Difusión de la Ciencia.

La reserva fue el primer área urbana de Buenos Aires. Con el apoyo de las autoridades, comenzó un trabajo de tres décadas, y en 2011 el lugar fue designado por ley como un área urbana protegida llamada Ciudad Universitaria, Reserva Ecológica.

Este sitio juega un papel esencial en la universidad y la ciudad de Buenos Aires, brindando servicios ambientales estratégicos para la salud humana. Es un excelente ejemplo de cómo los parques urbanos son esenciales para el bienestar de las personas que viven en las ciudades.

Los derechos de uso y la escasez de agua han causado conflictos en la cabecera de la subcuenca del Rio Sumpul (867 km2), compartida entre Honduras y El Salvador, lo que hace que, bajo un escenario de cambio climático, sea crucial la búsqueda de soluciones integrales que generen paz, desarrollo transfronterizo y resiliencia.

La gobernanza para la adaptación permite avanzar en esa dirección, promoviendo el trabajo multidimensional (multinivel y multisectorial), participativo, flexible y ecosistémico. Así, buscando el uso sostenible del agua como necesidad de adaptación en Sumpul, se reforzaron estructuras existentes de gobernanza, ampliando su representación, conocimientos y capacidad de gestión. A través del Comité Comunitario Binacional, se logró construir una agenda común basada en la construcción de confianza, diálogo y articulación de los actores de la cuenca alta. La agenda consideró la implementación de sistemas agroforestales y la conservación de suelos y fuentes de agua.

El PNN Tamá es una estrella hídrica que abastece sectores productivos y comunidades de varios Departamentos al nororiente de Colombia y Estados al occidente de Venezuela. La falta desarrollo local, el conflicto armado, así como el cambio climático y la variabilidad climática han generado presiones frente al uso del suelo en la zona aledaña del PNN Tamá. Como solución, desde Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia innovamos la producción local sostenible de sistemas agrofroestales de café, el monitoreo participativo de recurso hídrico y las alianzas para la gestión de recursos, con lo cual se han fortalecido las inversiones y procesos de relacionamiento con actores estratégicos en favor de la conservación de los servicios ecosistémicos que brinda el Parque. Adicionalmente, hemos apoyado la declaratoria de Reservas Naturales de la Sociedad Civil, rodeando y protegiendo al PNN Tamá con áreas protegidas privadas manejadas por las comunidades.

Esta solución se implementó en la microcuenca Huacrahuacho, ubicada en un ecosistema altoandino llamado Puna sobre los 3.800 msnm. Se diseñó frente a los problemas de sequía y disminución de fuentes de agua, durante la época seca, para el consumo humano y el uso agropecuario. Tuvo como objetivos: captar, almacenar e infiltrar agua y recargar los acuíferos; incrementar/mantener el caudal de los manantiales; generar un microclima con mayor humedad; y conservar la biodiversidad.

La qocha, palabra quechua que significa laguna pequeña, fue el centro de un conjunto de medidas que incorporan forestación, zanjas de infiltración, manejo de pasturas naturales y acequias colectoras o aductoras.

Gracias a estas medidas construidas por las familias y a nivel comunal, se cuenta con más agua durante las épocas de estiaje, lo que ha permitido la recuperación de pastos naturales para la producción ganadera y un cambio hacia un paisaje más húmedo con mayor biodiversidad y belleza paisajística.

Le projet applique des mesures d’adaptation dans les bassins versants vulnérables. Les ressources naturelles, telles que l’eau et le sol, sont gérées durablement afin de réduire l’érosion et d’améliorer les rendements agricoles. Des mesures d’adaptation « vertes », sans regret, telles que l’agroforesterie et le reboisement communautaire sont complétés par d’autres mesures telles que le stockage et la promotion de l’infiltration de l’eau de pluie et le travail de conservation du sol.

As a typical coastal city, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China, faces serious societal challenges such as the impact of climate change, overexploitation of natural resources, and loss of biodiversity. Xiamen is implementing Nature-based Solutions (NbS) by strengthening ecological protection, promoting ecosystem restoration, building sponge city, supporting sustainable community development and green transformation of mines, while encouraging funding and diverse public participation. After more than 30 years of exploration and practice, the green development concept of harmonious coexistence between man and nature has been integrated into areas and processes of Xiamen’s economic and social development, making Xiamen’s practice a global example of excellence in NbS and a model for sustainable development of coastal cities.

La baie du Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin est un espace remarquable qui concentre divers enjeux socio économiques, culturels, biogéographiques et écologiques. C’est l’un des sites les plus suivis de Guadeloupe (site Ramsar en 1993, réserve de Biosphère en 1994, une partie classée en réserve naturelle nationale en 1987 puis intégrée dans le coeur marin du parc national de la Guadeloupe en 2009). Malgré ces dispositions, il subit des conflits d’usages, un manque de rigueur dans l’application des règles et une valorisation désordonnée. La charte du territoire du Parc national de la Guadeloupe propose une gouvernance partagée des territoires du parc. C’est pourquoi, les 2 principaux gestionnaires, le Conservatoire du littoral et le Parc national de la Guadeloupe ont élaboré une stratégie de gestion durable de la fréquentation, accompagnée de propositions concrètes d’actions, permettant de mieux répartir les activités en fonction de la sensibilité des milieux et de la potentialité des sites. 

The Building with Nature initiative increases resilience along 10 km eroding coastlines, combining civil engineering with mangrove rehabilitation to build safe and adaptive coastlines. During 2015 and 2016 8 sediment trapping units were built (~1 km) to stop erosion and support mangrove rehabilitation. Technical measures include sediment balance restoration by permeable dams and mud nourishments, alongside mangrove rehabilitation. Socio-economic measures are currently being developed.   

Watershed management is, at its root, a human behavior challenge. But where humans are often the source of such problems, they are also the solution. Rare trains local leaders to implement behavior change campaigns that inspire communities to adopt new norms for how they interact with nature. Rare empowers communities in Colombia’s most water dependent geographies to participate in the management of their watershed ecosystems so that they benefit from higher water quality and flow and reduce the risk of droughts and floods due to extreme weather changes.

Since 2013, Rare has built the capacity of 14 officials of one of the largest regional environmental authorities of Colombia, Corporación Valle del Cauca, to engage local stakeholders in protecting riparian areas and improving land use practices using the Pride for ARA approach. These farmers are inspired by the Pride campaigns and the offer of technical assistance to protect critical ecosystems for watershed resilience.

By promoting Best Management Practices for silvo (mangrove) aquaculture, as well as supporting Farmer Interest Groups along the Mekong Delta coast, the solution aims to raise awareness of mangrove ecosystem conservation benefits and diversify farmers’ incomes. It encourages ecological farming techniques and the integration of mangroves in shrimp ponds.

A pilot was implemented to underpin the incorporation of an EbA approach into the planning tools for natural protected areas. The necessary methodologies and tools were developed, the vulnerability assessment was completed, the specific areas and the measures to be implemented were identified, including the communal management of native grasslands, vicuñas management (a wild relative of the llama), the expansion and conservation of wetlands and the restoration of water infrastructure.

In the face of climate-related challenges, and various socioeconomic pressures in Sian Ka’an, CONANP has created an innovative multi-actor alliance to increase local adaptive capacity through an EbA strategy based on mangrove rehabilitation & income diversification. A key step was to engage farmers using targeted public financial mechanisms. CONANP has supported the fishing sector to diversify its productive activities. The academia has also played a prominent role in planning, and regulation.

Ecosystem services were mapped and valued in a participatory process that included designing spatially-explicit scenarios of future human uses throughout Belize’s coastal zone. To understand the implications of different development scenarios, the team used InVEST models to map future value of coastal protection, recreation, and fisheries services. The resulting Plan can help the people of Belize plot a wiser course for managing the incredibly valuable resources their ocean and coast provide.

Public transportation offers in the transboundary (TB) National Park region of Saxon and Bohemian Switzerland were successfully enhanced in a way that conserves natural landscapes while enabling an intensive nature experience for visiting tourists. A broad alliance of representatives from regional politics, tourism, nature conservation, transport and local population created a transportation networking concept whose implementation led to a significant increase in passenger numbers.

Rain-fed farming under the semi-arid climate is risky as rainfall during critical periods of the growth season is not always sufficient to secure the expected yield. Climate change results in increasing aridity in form of higher temperatures and resulting evapo-transpiration and reduced precipitation. Droughts are becoming more frequent and rainfall is less regular, sometimes in form of heavy rainshowers with limited amounts of water being infitrated into the soil and surface runoff causing erosion.

The application of zero tillage technology (also called direct seeding, direct sowing or direct drilling) where the seed of cultivated crops is placed without mechanical treatment of the topsoil is used for adaptation to these risks.  Within one operation the residues from previous crops and weeds are superficially removed, seeds are planted, fertilizer applied and covered by soil. Herbizides are used for weed control. A special drilling machine applies the suitable seed and fertilzer amount.
 

The Amarakaeri Communal Reserve was created by an initiative of 10 indigenous communities to conserve the multitude of ecosystem services like food, shelter, medicine and water. The reserve contributes to the protection of two watersheds. This ensures the stability of lands and forests, maintaining the quality and quantity of water for the development of native communities suffering increasingly from droughts and floods. The communities have included in their plans the use of Brazil nuts as a measure to generate economic resources.

Burkina Faso is experiencing climate change related impacts like droughts, floods, strong winds and high temperatures, which are combined with pressure put on ecosystems by land use change and exploitation of forest resources. This is leading to land degradation, and therefore loss of soil fertility, productivity, income, and food security. Using participatory analysis of causes and effects of climate hazards, commuities chose reforestation, organic gardening and riverbank protection to address these challenges. Training programmes and exchange trips were used to build capacity among project beneficiaries. This solution is published as part of the project on Ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation: strengthening the evidence and informing policy.

The castanea henryi tree is an excellent kind of tree with great economic value. It grows in mountain regions with a temperature range between -16 celsius degrees and 41 celsius degrees, therefore it is suitable to be planted in many countries with a subtropical climate. Castanea henryi fruit (nut) is a kind of grain with high nutritional value, which can be introduced to be planted to help reduce the grain and food shortage problem. Castanea henryi tree stem are also quality timber for various purposes.

People can use hillside lands to plant Castanea henryi trees，the castanea henryi nuts can be sold as a kind of grain or raw materials used to make various foods, highly matured castanea henryi tree stems can be sold to make various wooden products. In consequence, people engaging in planting castanea henryi trees can have stable income from planting this kind of tree.

GIZ is supporting the Brazilian Federal Ministry of Environment in the implementation of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) in the project ProAdapta. The project cooperates with the city of Salvador on reducing climate change-related risks.

Through stakeholder meetings and interviews with experts, three different climate change impacts and hazards were selected: Increased risk of landslides and flooding due to more extreme precipitation as well as increasing heatwaves.

Two communities were selected based on criteria such as presence of entry points, several mapped risks and potential of already planned interventions. Next, vulnerability assessments were conducted by interviewing experts especially from academia and leaders of the two communities as well as through focus group discussions with community residents and document analysis.

Based on this, green and hybrid solutions for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction were identified and compared with grey solutions.

Orchards are very common in Tajikistan’s landscapes and a widely used practice of cultivating fruit trees. Even though a diversified orchard offers multiple benefits, for efficiency reasons, however, many orchards comprise a limited variety of species.

Diversified tree species reduce the risk of pest and diseases outbreaks and ensure a healthy soil structure with an adequate removal and input of nutrients. Furthermore, the different blooming times of tree species provide nectar for pollinators over a longer period of time and hence are beneficial for beekeeping.

When setting up a resilient orchard, it is recommended to conserve natural flora and fauna and to establish the orchard in such a way that disruption of the surrounding environment is kept to a minimum e.g. incorporating existing natural resources into the structure of the orchard. 

The key to designing a resilient orchard is selecting fruit tree species and developing a long-term orchard management plan (10-15 years). 

Kitchen gardens are very important for improving the nutrition of Tajik families in rural areas as they contribute to food and nutrition security by providing a diversity of vegetables, herbs, and berries.

Thus, they are a central nutrition source for subsistence farmers.

Vegetable, herbs, and spices, berries and fruits are cultivated in small-scale kitchen gardens, often directly adjacent to houses. The diversified kitchen garden approach aims to improve the management system of kitchen gardens by diversifying cultivated crops, enhancing irrigation systems and improving techniques for better soil fertility management.

Irrigated cultivation of onion, potatoes, corn and other crops is hampered by poor agricultural practice and these challenges are increasingly exacerbated by the impact of climate change. The impacts of already visible trends and predictions cause a reduction of available irrigation water, while higher temperatures and expansion of irrigated agriculture lead to higher irrigation water demand. Current irrigated agriculture has low irrigation water use efficiency.

The solution addresses these problems in an integrated way, combining several elements through an agricultural extension service:

– Agricultural extension service provides tailored advise;
– Adapted agricultural inputs are provided at part loan basis through the extension services to ease the application of technical advice and reduce transaction costs for the farmers;

– Technological assistance in form of seeding machines, cultivation and irrigation technologies;

– Crop diversification considers climate change and market demand.
 

In Kirenga, Lari, Central Kenya the low and erratic rainfall and lack of irrigation facilities limits the production of vegetables. Still, exotic vegetables are grown in kitchen gardens, whereas nutrient-rich indigenous vegetables are rarely produced nor consumed. Consumption of vegetables is limited despite the occurence of malnutrition among children and women. In addition, indigenous vegetables have a ready market in Nairobi, which is about 50 km away. Consequently,  production of indigenous vegetables would  enhance  livelihoods of these farmers through income generation while consumption of the same would enhance their nutritional status.

To achieve this, farmers were trained in techniques of farming these indigenous species. In addition, training on how to  prepare and consume the vegetables was offered. The activities also included the raising of awareness on the nutritional value of these vegetables to further encourage consumption by the local farmers and their families.

Our solution is connecting rural unemployed youth in natural forest areas to production of organic honey and sustainable markets.  The honey sector has the highest potential to achieve transformation and growth across all categories of rural households. Beekeeping does not require fertile land, a large area, much initial capital. This makes the sector attractive for unemployed youth with limited resources. However, despite its potential for the development of rural economy, the sector faces a number of problems. We are working with rural unemployed youth, supporting them to have well organized apiary sites near to the forest, establishing a learning and collection center in a youth village with a strong coaching system. The collection center helps the youth to supply their product easily without any transportation. In addition, they will have premium prices from sales of organic honey. Every youth beekeepers will plant trees and conserve the existing natural forest.

The project is working on providing alternative livelihoods for former Borana pastoralist, who have settled down to try agro-pastoralist production as a means to food security. In a first step, households joined hands to harvest rain water by creating a small pan near their homesteads and use this for a small home garden. Although creating a pan takes a bit of time, when people joined hands, they were able to work on a single pan for relatively shorter time. In the gardens vegetables like kale, onions, pepper, cassava, tomatoes, spinach, watermelon are grown. Some farmers are also piloting a small agroforestry in one corner of their garden. The food produced is used for home consumption and surplus is sold to the neighbouring villages.These pans and gardens are done for one household at a time but the long term goal is to reach every household in the community. Thus, this marks a departure from overreliance on pure pastoralism, which is negatively affected by climate change.

Irrigated agriculture is often limited by the availability of irrigation water. In many irrigated areas the distribution canals and on-farm irrigation systems are in poor shape, which causes substantial water losses. These problems are increasingly exacerbated by the impact of climate change causing a reduction of available irrigation water with higher temperatures and expansion of irrigated agriculture leading to higher irrigation water demand. Increasing frequency and intensity of flashfloods and debris flows pose risks to the functioning of irrigation canals and thus to the livelihoods of farmers and food security.
The solution reduced the substantial losses of irrigation water caused by seepage from canals, structural problems in irrigation systems and on-farm irrigation. It also addresses risks caused by flashfloods and debris flows. The solution is based on a technical and financial support to the local communities in collaboration with  district water management authorities.

About 95 percent of the staple crop production in Tajikistan comes from irrigated land which underlines the importance of irrigation in cultivating annual agricultural crops.

The productivity of irrigated annual crops depends largely on the provision of ecosystem services, e.g. pollination, water, and soil fertility.       

Irrigated annual crops are usually intensive cultures that make for efficient use of land resources and constitute artificial ecosystems that cannot make contributions to the maintenance and improvement of biodiversity and ecosystems services. To the contrary, they mostly focus on applying huge amounts of chemical inputs and in many cases use water ineffectively.

The sustainably managed irrigated annual crops focus on reducing hybrid seeds, chemical fertilizer, and synthetic pesticides.

The Public Use and Recreation Program (PURP) addresses the problem of destructive recreational activities in Cabo Pulmo National Park. The Program provides guidelines to local tour operators to reduce negative impacts of tourism activities on the Parks’ habitats and ensures their economic sustainability. As a result limits on water sports practiced in the Park are set, which dramatically reduces the impacts on the reefs resulting from these activities.

This solution promotes the integrated management of coastal watersheds that drain into the Gulf of Mexico and the Gulf of California by aligning the investments of public and private agencies to address climate change impacts and coastal and marine conservation. It is the foundation for enduring cross-sectorial coordination and local participation to maintain and recover watershed functions that deliver ecosystem services, which benefit cities and rural communities.

Mangroves and beach forests provide coastal greenbelts that act as a protective buffer to sea level rise and storms. Moreover, they are particularly effective in mitigating global warming and rising carbon dioxide levels by capturing and storing carbon in both above- and below-ground biomass. On Panay Island, protection of remaining mangroves and rehabilitation of degraded areas is carried out by local communities and supported by local governments.

The solution recovered natural conditions and protects 3,900 ha of unique peat swamp forest ecosystem. The conservation of Melaleuca trees found in this forest type is a national priority because they buffer floods, recharge aquifers and provide habitat for endangered wetland species. About 25,000 people living in the park’s buffer zone benefit through the provision of clean water and small cultivated fish.

Local communities in coastal areas were supported to face to erosion and coastal pollution through:
– Awareness raising on vulnerability to these threats;
– Reduction of the effects of coastal erosion on the city of Aného to ensure the integrity of the area and enable sustainable socio-economic development: refection of the west bank of the mouth of the Lake Togo, rehabilitation of the road along the shore and protection of threatened homes and riverside hotel infrastructure.

The project targeted disaster and climate risk reduction as an integral part of an Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) process conjunctly taking place in DRC. Pilot ecosystem-based measures aimed to reduce soil/gulley erosion and flood risk in two sites (upstream and downstream) in the Lukaya Basin, while improving livelihoods and income. Capacity was developed locally and nationally on ecosystem-based measures and national advocacy on EbA/Eco-DRR was supported through IWRM. 

The project took an Eco-DRR approach addressing hazards and vulnerability to reduce disaster risk. However, the project activities also addressed climate change adaptation through working with climate change impacts and people’s vulnerability to change through the ecosystem-based measures involved in IWRM. Thus these measures can be seen as both Eco-DRR and EbA, while the implementation framework was Eco-DRR.

This pilot project aimed to demonstrate how ecosystem-based measures could mitigate climate hazards and reduce vulnerabilities in Haiti through a ridge to reef approach. It implemented revegetation and sustainable vetiver farming to reduce risk of erosion and inland flooding, revegetation of coastal forest to buffer against storm surges and coastal flooding and created sustainable and resilient fisheries to increase local resilience; it also improved capacity and supported national advocacy.

The project undertook an Eco-DRR approach by targeting hazards (flooding, storm surges and erosion) and vulnerability (due to unsustatinable management) and increasing disaster prepardeness (e.g. early warning) to reduce disaster risk. However, these hazards are climatic hazards and impacts that are increasing due to climate change and increasing peoples vulnerability to climate change. Therefore, the ecosystem-based measures in this project undertaken are also EbA.

The páramo – the typical moorland of the high Andes – is an important ecosystem as it provides key ecosystem services to local communities, especially regarding water regulation. Nevertheless, this ecosystem is under severe threat mainly due to overuse and climate change. With a projected reduction in annual precipitation in Tungurahua, it is ever more important to conserve the páramo ecosystem. The solution integrated climate change into planning and strengthened local management structures.

Chiapas is mega-diverse and highly vulnerable to climate change. It is among Mexico’s lowest income States and with a mayority of population living in rural areas. In this context, local communities are implementing conservation and EbA measures, but further financial and improved participation and multilevel governance mechanisms are needed. 

This solution builds a multidimensional governance and participatory model (BB1) and uses an ecosystem approach (BB2). It strengthens the Climate Change Advisory Council of Chiapas (CCAD) which is the platform for public participation and consultative body of the Climate Change Inter-Secretariat Coordination Commission. The solution focused on reactivating this Council to become a bridge between policy-making and local adaptation action.

In Stuttgart, important green belts and green divides stretch between the built-up settlement areas, mitigating the climate heat stress. Greenery now covers more than 60% of the area. Furthermore, over 39% of Stuttgart’s surface area has been put under the protection of nature conservation orders. Incorporating these as important features in a Land Use Plan along with green belt policy are the most promising areas of municipal influence in respect of their impact on urban climatology and climate protection.

Yala wetland communities are dependent on the ecosystem goods and services offered by the wetland for their livelihoods; mainly small-holder subsistence agriculture. In the recent past, farmers have experienced reduced crop production human, an increase of wildlife conflicts, and continuous drought and floods are accelerating local poverty and food insecurity. In order to reverse some of these effects, we identified and piloted in a participatory process alternative livelihoods that are less wetland-destructive and environmentally friendly. These included agroforestry, sustainable farming and water harvesting techniques that would be sustainable under the changing climatic conditions.

Despite their great potential and strategic importance the watersheds of the Tacaná volcano are vulnerable both ecologically and politically. IUCN (through the Water and Nature Initiative, WANI) and partners therefore set up a demonstration project in these watersheds, which combined pilot livelihood projects (water, soil and environmental conservation) and bottom-up integrated governance of water resources management (freshwater ecosystem management). 

Fondo para la Paz (FPP) works with indigenous rural communities’ in 5 States of Mexico. One line is farming as part of development process with the goal to empower community organization and strengthen them through activities that could conserve environmental services (ES) and biodiversity, and promoting development skills and abilities at the community. With the FPP facilitation communities are working with coffee (Veracruz) and maize (Oaxaca) inside agroecological schemes. These projects help them increasing profits and switch old paradigms about conservation and farming. We work with people, sensitize them about being responsible and main actors about their development, their environment and their actions for a long time: farming is just the way, development is the ultimate goal. We work with each community up to 10 – 15 years, seeking development and people with the vision to achieve mature communities, self-administrated and with social cohesion.

Farming with Alternative Pollinators (FAP) is a new low cost and economically self-sustaining approach to protect pollinators (Christmann and Aw-Hassan 2012; Christmann et al. 2017; Christmann 2019a, b). FAP increases the net income per surface substantially and thus obviates rewards. FAP compares FAP fields (75% of the area for the main crop, 25% of the field for habitat enhancement including different marketable plants to attract a higher diversity of pollinators, provide shelter against wind, nesting and water support out of local materials), with control fields (100% for the main crop) concerning insect diversity and abundance (pollinators, predators and pests) and total net income. The approach is replicable across continents and affordable also for Low Income Countries. FAP focuses on capacity building, a performance and productivity related incentive for farmers and a cross-sector policy mix. It generates many cross-cutting benefits (Christmann 2019c).

The participatory approach seeks to work with the community to come up with locally available, affordable and sustainable ways to tackle food, nutrition and livelihood security. We encourage the use of local agrobiodiversity to enhance the nutrition status, especially of women of reproductive age and children aged 6-23 months. The communities are actively involved in the choice and implemetation of suitable interventions thus the solutions are community-specific.

The approach has been successfully implemented in Vihiga County, Kenya. We would like to scale it to Turkana County in Kenya and the Tigray area in Ethiopia.

Once perceived as “food for the poor”, African Leafy Vegetables (ALVs) and other forgotten crops are making a comeback in Busia County, Kenya, thanks to a pilot project supported by ACIAR and GEF and a participatory multi-sectoral platform that brings together farmer organizations, non-governmental organizations, and national and international government agencies. The project is helping revive interest in nutritious ALVs  by building the capacity of entrepreneurial farmer groups to sustainably produce, use and respond to market demands for these crops from institutional markets (e.g. school feeding and health clinics). At the same time, education activities are taking place to increase the appreciation and use of local biodiversity to improve dietary diversity and nutrition and environmental resilience but also to provide sustainable, long-term support and empowerment to children, families and communities.

To achieve peace and stability, Kauswagan is addressing the root causes of conflict: food insecurity, poverty, hunger and inequalities. Kauswagan’s From Arms to Farms Programme turned the city from a territory disrupted by decades of war into a platform for sustainable agricultural development. Based on a broad participation of different actors, led by the Local Government Units and other support groups, the programme proved very successful by helping over 600 former combatants to reintegrate into society through farming and by decreasing the rate of poverty in the area to 40 per cent in 2016. The Arms to Farms programme shows that agroecology can be a powerful tool for radical and beneficial changes. For its achievements, Kauswagan’s programme was recognized with an Honourable Mention of the Future Policy Award 2018, awarded by the World Future Council in partnership with FAO and IFOAM – Organics International.

Konegummez village is located in the southwestern part of the Kopetdag mountains of Turkmenistan, bordering with Iran, at an altitude of 1,350 meters above sea level. The village hosts 200 families, with a population of about 1,229 people who live in a semi-arid climate and make their living by livestock keeping and agriculture, mainly.

Based on the villagers’ social strengths and will and supported by international development projects, nowadays the village is an excellent example for collectively planning and managing natural resources and agriculture with improved ecosystem services and biodiversity whilst generating income in a sustainable way.

In the following, the social, organizational and technical issues which led the Konegummez community to having success, will be described.

Against a backdrop of declining soil quality and fertility from incessant use  of synthetic fertilizers and agro-chemicals,  low farmgate prices offered by traders, steadily increasing prices of farm inputs and loss of farm labor to other higher paying jobs, a group of small-farmers initiated a regenerative organic agriculture project using the climate and environment-friendly System of Rice Intensification (SRI) to change the way Filipinos cultivate rice. 

The Zarraga Integrated Diversified Organic Farmers Association (ZIDOFA) is spearheading this initiative using a holistic value chain approach in order to produce high quality, safe, affordable and healthy organic SRI rice to Filipino consumers, protect, conserve and restore biodiversity in the farm and marine and  coastal ecosystems and bring the benefits and the credit back to the farmers and empowering them through the creation of a closed-loop organic SRI rice value chain devoid of exploitative middlemen and traders.  

Utooni Development Organization (UDO) is a non-governmental organization established in 2002 and registered in 2005. It is based on the early works of Utooni Development Project, a community-based self help group formed by Joshua Mukusya in 1978. Its vision is to build peaceful, healthy and happy interlinked self-sufficient communities through justified sustainable development.

The organization supports disadvantaged communities living in the arid and semi arid lands to transform their environment in a sustainable manner, enabling them to improve water supply, food production, income and health.

The project group “Isar-Plan” was initiated in 1995 to restore the Isar river in Munich from its artificial canal bed to a more natural shape and function in order to improve flood control, biodiversity and recreational opportunities. Construction started in 2000 and was finished in 2011 having restored 8km of river and costing 35 million euros.

Pastures in the South Caucasus region are under pressure through unsustainable use and climate change processes. The GIZ Programme “Integrated Biodiversity Management, South Caucasus” inter alia implements and tests affordable solutions together with local communities, preventing erosion and managing the mountainous ecosystems in a sustainable way. Piloted measures include: stabilization of slopes and river beds, setup of hay-meadows, afforestation, orchard management and construction of a tree nursery.

The Conservation International (CI) – BHP Billiton Alliance supports the delivery of enduring benefits to biodiversity, ecosystems and other environmental resources around the world. This strategic long-term alliance was formed in 2011 to support the delivery of their conservation target, and to improve BHP Billiton’s approach to biodiversity management more broadly. To date, two conservation projects are underway in Australia and Chile.

Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve contains the temperate mountainous forest ecosystem that is the most typical and best preserved in the same latitudes on the planet and also the most representative natural complex in the northern half of the Eurasia. It is a comprehensive nature reserve that integrates multiple functions of ecological protection, water conservation, public education, scientific research, ecotourism, and international exchanges and cooperation, and praised as the Ecological Lung of Northeast China. It is not only a hotspot for China’s biodiversity research, but also holds a very important position with its high ecological value in the global conservation field. In order to advance both conservation and development, Changbai Mountain actively explores a path that develops urban areas as scenic areas while protecting the ecological environment and seeks to promote the harmonious coexistence between man and nature.

Tanzania is a fast urbanising society. At the same time, urban residents are reliant on nature. Peri-urban agriculture, artisanal fishing and nature-based tourism support thousands of livelihoods. Dar Es Salaam is also located in a globally important biodiversity hotspot, the ‘East African Coastal Forest’.  Dar es Salaam has a long history of greening but the spatial allocation of greening funds have not been strategic. Based on this need, ‘A Thematic Atlas of Nature’s Benefits to Dar es Salaam’ was co-developed with a wide range of stakeholders. The Atlas was based on ecosystem services thinking and each of seven ‘themes’ in The Atlas represents an urban challenge, such as rising urban heat or flooding. Descriptive information about nature’s benefits in Dar es Salaam and the maps were packaged as an easy-to-read report and which is downloadable for free. The information and maps in the Atlas facilitate evidence-based decisions on where to invest in greening to achieve social outcomes.

The Kumamoto region has benefited from abundant groundwater, which covers almost 100% of the total water supply. This was made possible mainly by the three following factors: 1) a large groundwater basin of approximately 600 km2,  2) easy infiltration and huge storage of rainwater due to unique soils layers developed by volcanic activities, and 3) relatively higher annual rainfall. However, the amount of groundwater has decreased in recent years due large part to increasing water consumption and lowering rainfall infiltration caused by urbanization. To manage and conserve groundwater resources in a sustainable manner, the group of more than ten municipalities in the basin developed a comprehensive plan to control groundwater. Also, a foundation sponsored by governments, companies, and residents financially supports various projects and research activities for groundwater conservation.

Urban wetlands can benefit local populations through improved water quality, biodiversity, air quality and microclimate (cooling). However, there is a lack of information on how best to manage multi-use wetlands to maximise their role as nature-based solutions. The Earthwatch Institute is working with the Chinese Academy of Sciences and WWF China to investigate best practice for wetland management for agriculture, tourism and conservation, with respect to the benefits they provide. Different land management approaches are being compared in two major wetlands near Shanghai and Guangzhou to improve understandings on the best management practices, as well as to identify how wetlands can help mitigate the adverse effects of land-use change and climate change.

Sanzara parish is located in the lower region of Kapchorwa district, bordering the dry Karamoja region. The parish lies in the rain shadow of Mt. Elgon, exposing it to both prolonged drought and increased flooding due to changing precipitation patterns. These conditions, coupled with a growing population, have affected the agricultural potential of the area, causing chronic food insecurity and abject poverty. In many cases, communities struggle for basic survival, as demonstrated by the high rate of ecosystem degradation and the slow uptake of ecosystem restoration interventions. This solution is about incentivizing adoption of EbA measures in Sanzara Parish. It is based on a case study from the Flagship Mountain EbA project, which was implemented on Mt. Elgon from 2011 to 2015. Lessons from this project are the basis for work done under the follow-on project, “Scaling up Mountain EbA project; building evidence, replication of success and informing policy” within the same landscape.

The high mountain region in the transmexican volcanic belt  has faced great amounts of pasture degradation, deforestration and biodiversity loss. These losses were the product of years of bad agricultural practices, technology exclusion and underrated ecosystem services. Such practices have threatened the rural livelihoods causing a damaged inter-community relationship. Following these concerns a project was implemented in 7 different communities within the natural protected areas of the transmexican volcanic belt. The project focussed on an “ecosystem-based approach” known as “EbA”. The main objective of the project was to reconstruct the local relationships within the communities so people could value ecosystem services through a more holistic perspective, so they could have a better understanding of nature and its importance. Through these main drivers the project aimed to increase the ecological resilience of the area and mitigate climate change impacts.

“Coastal Capital: Belize” addresses threats to Belize’s coastal ecosystems such as unchecked coastal and tourism development and overfishing – by assessing the contribution of reef- and mangrove-associated tourism, fisheries, and shoreline protection services to Belize’s economy. Our results were used to justify new fishing regulations, a successful damage claim against a ship that ran aground on the Belize Barrier Reef, and a ban on offshore oil drilling.

In response to increased coastal flood events and resulting damages, the Environment Agency of the United Kingdom delivered a GBP 27 million project to realign the defences inland, providing significantly improved flood defences to allow for managed flooding. With the help of IUCN, a full assessment against the criteria and indicators of the IUCN Global Standard for Nature-based Solutionsᵀᴹ was conducted. The Medmerry managed coastal realignment is considered a strong Nature-based Solution. The building blocks of this solution highlight insights from some of the assessed criteria.

The project addresses the dilemma of finding an economically viable grain crop that would not sacrifice food production for wildlife/biodiversity benefits. With the use of the non-GMO grain crop, spelt (Triticum aestivum subsp. Spelta), an alternative vegetation type on land can aid and maximize habitat value for rare grassland species and increase biodiversity on the landscape while also providing the producer with an economical food crop. The project results indicate that biodiversity increased and from an agricultural standpoint spelt was a more economical crop than hay.

Solution is undertaken using scientific fruit plant propagation and conducting innovative top-wedge grafting of (tree tomato) tamarillo (Solanum betaceum) terminal bud stick scion into its poisonous wild relative  bug weed rootstock tolerant to drought and resistant to soil borne diseases and pests as well as having longer roots  than tamarillo and stronger ones. Both plants belong to Solanaceae plant family, hence grafting the two plants is compatible and methodology transforms bug weed (Solanum mauritianum) as required. This innovation has therefore created food, agriculture and economic opportunities by using grafting methodology to transform the poisonous bug weed into agro biodiversity resources problem globally. Innovation is expected to contribute to feeding the ever growing world population that is expected to be nine billion by 2050.

The concept of food and nutritional security refers to the ability of all people at all times to have physical and income access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs for an active healthy life. It requires food being available enough, stable and accessible; without which inevitably leads to malnourishment that hinders individual performance.  

Any enhancement of the food security calls for farmers’ sensitization and encouragement to adopt strategic methods that will not only cater to food and nutritional security but also income at a household level and sound management of the environment.

Climate change will affect availability, stability, utilization, and access to food security …(UN-ESCAP: Agriculture and Food Security, Asia)

When we farm in a way that maximizes the amount of carbon captured in our crops, and we return as much of that carbon as possible to the soil, we can effectively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it in the soil.

Groasis Ecological Water Saving Technology consists of 5 steps that can be taken together or each step individually. It works according to the ‘Triple 90 benefits‘: 90% less water use, 90% cheaper and +90% survival rate. The steps are 1) Stimulating rainwater infiltration in the soil through making 15 kms of mini-terraces per hour with the Terracedixx / 2) Digging planting holes with the Capillary drill that keeps the soil capillary system intact / 3) Using Growmaxx mycorrhizae to help improve the function of or replace fertilizers / 4) Using the intelligent bucket Growboxx® plant cocoon and 5) Using the Growsafe plant protector against goats/ sheep. The technology allows to plant productive trees (orchards, timber, medicines, fodder) in combination with vegetables. They produce food and create short term revenues that allow to finance the technology through microcredit. The technology can be used by literate and illiterate, is gender neutral and does not require cultural adaptation.