Illegal killing and trade is a major threat to wildlife particularly in Africa. The current levels of elephant and rhino poaching are the highest in decades driven by burgeoning demand for ivory. East African countries, especially Tanzania, are increasingly implicated as source or transit countries for illegal ivory and rhino horn. It is against this backdrop that IUCN, in collaboration with the University of Dar es Salaam, has carried out this analysis of court cases related to illegal wildlife trade in mainland Tanzania with the aim of providing information to strengthen the judicial chain with regards to wildlife legislation.