The report provides a global overview of the challenges facing indigenous peoples, and presents five case studies from Australia, Cambodia, Guinea, India and Suriname. The case studies reveal that indigenous communities are affected by primary production activities, such as mining and associated infrastructure (Australia, India, Guinea, Suriname), and by secondary processes such as smelting and energy production used to sustain operations (India, Suriname). The publication is intended to inform the Aluminium Stewardship Initiative’s new voluntary industry standard, which includes requiring certified companies to adhere to key principles concerning the rights of indigenous peoples, including obtaining Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC).